Struggling with the mainspring of a fusee dial clock

I just completed my first clock with a fusee. It was a rather dilapidated English dial timepiece. Once I cleaned and repaired it, it came into its own beauty, though, even after agreeing with the client to leave the dial in the worn state it was in. So a real conservation project.

English dial timepiece with fusee inside

It was clear to me that the mainspring had seen better days and remembering my West Dean tutor's helpful rule:

when a mainspring's diameter is equal to or less than twice the diameter of its barrel, then replace the mainspring,

made me decide to replace the mainspring. I ended up with a stainless steel mainspring supplied by Cousins. It was the first time that I had to apply my tutor's rule, so my expectations were high of the performance of this new spring after I had put it into its barrel and put a new steel wire onto the barrel and fusee.

I should have been for warned, though. Putting this stainless steel spring into its barrel was a tour de force! After several tries with the first aid box placed close to me, I managed to get the mainspring into the barrel. Once the barrel was in the clock, I tried winding it. It proved impossible to wind the clock more than two half turns. I just did not have the power in my hands to do more. A blessing in itself, because otherwise I might have broken the key, the steel wire or both (at least it felt like that).

Luckily, in the same week, the Annual General Meeting of the Antiquarian Horological Society was about to take place with this year's focus on Dutch clocks from the 17th and 18th century. In other words, I had to be there. Two of my West Dean classmates were quick to solve my mainspring problem at this meeting by recommending I try a carbon steel spring from Clockspares. Carbon steel springs having much less power than the stainless steel variety. This solved my problem well. It even allowed me to put gut line on the barrel rather than steel wire.

This whole saga taught me to include mainspring data in my written client reports. And with further help from this informative website http://www.abbeyclock.com/usmsp.html I now have a much better handle on mainsprings.

Westminster chime

I struggled with the repair of this clock for too long. Every time I thought, this is it. I can't do anything more, this clock will run, strike and chime perfectly, only to be disappointed. The chime remained sluggish.

the Westminster chime table clock

It had been running well, the client said, but the chime was irregular and unreliable. I examined the clock at the client's home and immediately gave him my expert opinion. A previous clockmaker had done a botched job on this clock by taking the pendulum out for some reason and putting a platform escapement in. Rather clumsily by the look of it.

the platform escapement placed vertically on the back plate

Well... the clock ran and struck fine after my repair which included getting the platform escapement serviced as one of the balance pivots had been broken off. Amazingly, the clock ran happily even before my repair despite the balance swinging on only one pivot! The Westminster chime, though, was the real problem. It just would not run fast enough. Indeed, the whole point of my repair was to fix the chime.

Yet, I was making no progress whatsoever. Whatever, I tried.  On top of that, the sound of the gong was pretty horrid. Then I noticed a sticker in the back door of a previous clockmaker (about 18 years before) who happened to be one of my tutors at West Dean College! When I got in touch with him about the clock, I asked him why he had replaced the pendulum with a platform escapement? To my surprise, he said, "look carefully at the plates, there are no holes for a scape arbor. So a pendulum was never meant for this clock." And he was right. This obvious was a model where perhaps the client could choose between a pendulum and a platform escapement clock.

Fixing the chime

I increased the end shake in the chiming train (which was tight). It did not help. I replaced the chiming main spring which was definitely needed. No improvement. Where then was the friction that caused the chiming train to be so slow? Should I use an even stronger spring? Where was the power lost? I could not find it, until I decided to take the clock out of its case for the fourth time.

I decided I just could not return a clock to the client in this half-baked state. Moreover, the costs had run up substantially already. It would be completely unethical to return a clock where the original problem of a lousy chime had not been properly addressed.

Then by sheer coincidence, I noticed two faint dents on the inside of the dial in the case next to the centre arbor hole. 

two faint dents visible on inside of dial just top left from the centre arbor hole

These dents came from the rack stud and (eureka!) from the quarter chime arbor pushing into the inside of the case. A further inspection showed that the frame brackets that connect the frame to the inside of the case were held between the front plate and two nuts sitting on top of each other. Would it be better, perhaps, to put the frame brackets between these two nuts, so that the frame would sit a bit further away from the inside of the dial? This turned out to be the answer. The quarter chime arbor now no longer rubs against the inside of the case. The chiming train flows so happy and elegantly. It is delight to listen to this Westminster chime now (for some at least).

So, I bring the clock proudly back to the client. He is so happy and all seems well. Then I find him the next morning on my answer phone at 8:14 am. The Westminster is out of order. I explain that Westminster chimes are self-regulating and that after a few quarters the chime will come back to how he expected it to be. I can hear in his voice that he is not buying my bluff. So I promise him to examine that what I said is true and to call him back if I am wrong. Two minutes later, I call him to say that he was right and I was wrong. As the music phrases taken from Wikipedia below show, the Westminster chime always sounds the same phrases at the same quarter. I drove up to his house, undid the chiming pinion to put it in tune with the correct quarters, and now—after a long saga—everything is hunky dory.

First quarter:	(1)
Half-hour:	(2) (3)
Third quarter:	(4) (5) (1)
Full hour:	(2) (3) (4) (5)
Big Ben

A clock with one winding hole that strikes the hour?

I comfortably walked into his living room and told the client "your clock is non-striking, so how can you complain that the striking isn't working? Here look, there is only one winding hole". The client then pointed to the bell, hidden at the back. I was in shock.

My reputation was no longer at risk, it had disappeared as fast as I had entered the room. The client then proceeded to explain that this Swiss Neuchâteloise clock only has one winding hole to achieve two things: it winds the clock and it winds the bell! But how? With only one winding hole?

Neuchâteloise clock

Only when I opened the clock, did I discover the sophistication and reliability of this Swiss design. A little toggle containing two wheels  will switch which train you are winding depending on whether you turn the winding key to the right or the left. See picture below. The toggle with the two wheels sits just below where the word Zenith appears. How ingenious!

the one winding hole toggle allowing you to wind two trains

The beat regulator on a French clock

Although they are delicate to repair, I always tell my friends and anyone who wants to listen that French clocks are all the same. They seem to have been made by one and the same cookie cutter, or rather French clock cutter.

However, working on my 90-year old aunt's clock revealed two novelties for me. First the crutch has a rather clever horizontal lever sticking out to the left (see picture below) with which one can regulate the beat of the clock.

Getting a clock into beat by bending the crutch I still find a difficult operation until this day, as I my intuition never seems to guess the direction right into which to bend the crutch. I know this is not a job necessarily suited for the intuition, but having asked my brain for the answer several times now, it always gives me the wrong answer. So, my aunt's clock has this clever horizontal "beat regulator" attached to the bottom of the crutch. You simply twist the knob at the end of the device left or right and hear what it does to the beat until you get it precisely to your liking.

The second oddity I found with this clock, which is not as helpful a device as the beat regulator, is a pillar pin that does not fall over the back plate of the movement but into it. They must have decided that the pillar could not protrude through the movement far enough to fit a pin through that would rest on the back plate. That then left as only option to push the pin through the end of the pillar and into the plate. Neat and never seen before.

The mystery of left and right winding holes

Her arthritis is too serious to wind her Victorian black slate clock herself. She asks the cleaning lady to do so. The beautifully crafted Winterhalder and Hofmeier chiming and striking clock in the corridor leaves her cold. I must have been called back at least three times after I repaired her Victorian black slate clock  (see picture below) because it had stopped. How is that possible? I gave it my everything. I cleaned it according to the high West Dean College conservation standards. Only white spirit as cleaning fluid, pegged out all the pivot holes, checked all the wheels and pinions meticulously, checked the endshake, the depthing of each of the three trains, wheel pair by wheel pair, rebushed where needed and paid great attention to detail, repairing and improving a few minor things along the way. After the repair, I had it on test for two weeks in my workshop. And it all ran fine.

black slate clock

Yet, the call of an 80-year old for help with clearly something that is so dear to her that she does not want to know about the beauty of her Winterhalder and Hofmeier, moves me enough to get up from my bench onto my bike, down the hill to her care home. Am I doing this, because my parents are equally old and dependent on others, while I am too far away to do this for them? Is this a guilt trip?

I know she has someone to wind her clock now. Luckily, she lives around the corner, so travelling to her place is easily combined with running an errand in the village. I have been there several times now to discover that only the striking train had been wound!

Learning point: Clearly, I have not paid enough attention to explaining the very basics of setting time, winding a clock, the difference between the left and right (and sometimes middle) winding holes, how to start a pendulum swinging again. In my written reports, I explain some of these things, but who reads them? A one-to-one client clock debriefing really needs to become part of my routine. Sitting down with the client when I bring the clock back after a repair to talk them leisurely through all the things that are important to keep the clock running. Besides, these short meetings, sometimes hit on the very things life is all about. In talking my 90-year retired actor clients through my conservation report of their grandfather clock (which he, by accident, had knocked over when rushing to the phone—during an acting lull—in the hope there was another gig on offer) we ended up singing "My Grandfather Clock" together around the coffee table:

My grandfather's clock

Was too large for the shelf,

So it stood ninety years on the floor;

It was taller by half

Than the old man himself,

Though it weighed not a pennyweight more.

It was bought on the morn

Of the day that he was born,

And was always his treasure and pride;

But it stopped short

Never to go again,

When the old man died.

I am blessed to be a clockmaker.